Salient Features of the Indian Constitution
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Lengthiest Written Constitution
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The Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution in the world.
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It contains detailed provisions on every aspect of governance — from fundamental rights to the structure of the judiciary and local governments.
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Borrowed from Various Sources
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It has drawn provisions from many foreign constitutions:
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UK – Parliamentary system, Rule of Law
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USA – Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independence of Judiciary
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Canada – Federation with a strong Centre
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Ireland – Directive Principles of State Policy
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France – Ideals of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
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Partly Rigid and Partly Flexible
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Some parts can be amended easily by Parliament (flexible).
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Others require a special majority and approval of half the state legislatures (rigid).
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Hence, it combines both rigidity and flexibility.
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Federal System with Unitary Bias
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India has a federal structure (division of powers between Centre and States).
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However, in times of emergency, powers become more centralized, giving it a unitary character.
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Secular State
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The Constitution declares India as a secular nation — there is no official religion.
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All religions are treated equally by the State.
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Independent Judiciary
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The judiciary is independent from the executive and legislature.
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The Supreme Court acts as the guardian of the Constitution and protector of Fundamental Rights.
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Universal Adult Franchise
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Every citizen aged 18 years or above has the right to vote, irrespective of caste, religion, gender, or wealth.
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This ensures political equality among all citizens.
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